3^rd World Summit on Virology, vaccines & Emerging Diseases November 23-24, 2020 Vienna, Austria

Vaccines play a key role in the healthcare department, especially for growing children. Vaccines are products that protect people against chronic diseases. Unlike other medicines that treat or cure diseases, vaccines prevent them. Vaccines are products that generate immunity to a specific disease. Vaccines play a major role in keeping us healthy. Totally 26 Vaccines are available authorized by the World Health Organization. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious and chronic diseases.

There are 4 main types of vaccines:

• Live-attenuated vaccines
• Inactivated vaccines
• Biosynthetic vaccines 
• Toxoid vaccines

Emerging infectious diseases are infections that have recently come into sight within a population or the occurrence range is rapidly increasing or threatens to increase in the near future. The WHO warned in its report that Infectious diseases are emerging at a frequency that has not been seen before.

Emerging infectious diseases can be caused by:

• Previously undetected or unknown infection-causing agents
• Known infection-causing agents that have widely spread to new geographic locations or new populations
• Previously known infection-causing agents whose role in specific diseases has previously gone unidentified.

Viral Immunology is the field of virology, concerned with the study to understand mechanisms of virus-host interaction with a view of applying this knowledge to the design of effective vaccines and immune modulators that control viral infections.  We emphasize that our basic understanding of virus-host relationships is radically changed, but we lag behind in applying this knowledge to the successful control of many viral infections. A prolonged tissue-damage result in an immune reaction against viruses it is considered as immunopathology.

Viral oncology is a subsection of oncology that mainly deals with the treatment of human cancers /tumours with virus particles. Oncolytic viruses are viruses that preferentially target and kill cancer cells by replicate in cancer cells and thereby destroy cancer tissue without affecting healthy cells through a multi-modal mechanism of action. As Oncolytic viruses have a completely new mode of action, they are expected to lead to cancer regression or even cure in patients for whom current therapies have failed. These Oncolytic viruses have a triple mode of action i.e. cell lysis, systemic anti-cancer immune response, and local inflammation. Due to this triple mode of action, it can be combined with conventional tumour therapies.

Neurovirology is an interdisciplinary field that represents a melding of clinical studies on the molecular biology and pathogenesis of viral infections of the nervous system, and it also deals with the development of novel treatment strategies using neurotropic viral vectors. The involvement of the brain is one of the most significant consequences of a viral infection. Many viruses have the capability to invade and replicate in brain tissue, but fortunately, serious brain infections are rare. Clinically, neurological diseases caused by virus families can be divided into acute and chronic syndromes.

• Neuroimaging
• Brain biopsy
• DNA and RNA virus family
• Advantages of infecting the nervous system
• Use of antivirals to treat CNS infection
• Use of viruses for gene therapy

Clinical virology in the field of virology concerned with the study of viruses and virus-like agents, including their classification, disease-producing properties, and genetics that cause human pathologies. It is often considered as an interdisciplinary field of microbiology or pathology. The competence to identify nucleic acids has a major impact on diagnostics in clinical virology. Both polymerase chain reaction and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification can currently be used together with real-time discovery to generate results in a short time and to determine whether variants relevant for antiviral resistance are present.

Agriculture and plant virology deals with the study of cyclic development of viral disease within the plant. Plant diseases have had a great impact on human health and welfare. Transgenic plants are genetically modified plants, by using a recombinant DNA technique to create plants with new characteristics. The ultimate aim of plant virus disease control is to prevent or suppress the virus spread by either controlling the vectors or through the eradication of infected plants. In this agricultural virology the morphology of virus, its physiology, its host-pathogen interaction can be studied. Plant diseases that are caused by viruses called plant virology.

Vaccine adjuvants were first reported about 80 years ago and have been utilized to improve immune responses against non-living vaccines since then. Adjuvants are included in vaccines to improve immune responses to vaccine antigens. Viral infectious diseases represent a major portion of global public health concerns with thousands of demise annually. Adjuvants are immune potentiators administered concurrently with antigens in order to increase the vaccine effectiveness. These new-generation vaccine adjuvants massively work by activating the local innate immune system to trigger the antigen-specific immune response. The necessity for vaccine adjuvants was established after the discovery of safe, highly purified, but less immunogenic, synthetic antigens via innovation in recombinant DNA technology.

Coronaviruses consist of a large family of viruses that cause respiratory and intestinal infections in animals and human beings such as the Middle East respiratory syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome a novel coronavirus is a new strain that has not been earlier recognized in human-beings. Coronaviruses are zoonotic; it means they are transmitted between animals and human beings.  Detailed research found that SARS-CoV was spread from civet cats to human beings and MERS-CoV from dromedary camels to human beings. Several known coronaviruses are spread in animals that have not yet infected humans.

Viral infections may lead to the cause of acute and chronic diseases, infertility, long-term disability, and demise, with serious medical and psychological consequences for millions of humans. HIV infection is caused by a virus that attacks the immune system and destroys cells that fight against infections and illnesses. Acquired Immuno Deficiency Virus is the most critical phase of HIV infection. HIV is most commonly transmitted through unprotected sex and sharing HIV-contaminated needles or syringes. There is no permanent cure for HIV/AIDS, but it can be effectively managed through treatment.

• Sexually Transmitted Infections
• Non Sexually Transmitted Infections
• Paediatric Infections
• Geriatric Infections

Cancer treatment vaccines boost the immune system's ability to identify and destroy antigens. Often, cancer cells have certain molecules called cancer-specific antigens on their cell surface that healthy cells do not have. When these molecules are given to a human, the molecules act as antigens. They stimulate the immune system to identify and destroy cancer cells that have these molecules on their surface. Cancer prevention vaccines mainly target viruses that are known to cause cancer. These vaccines are sometimes developed from a patient’s own tumour cells.

The most recurrent causes of food, air, and water-borne illnesses are bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The airborne disease can proliferate when a contagious person coughs, sneezes, or talks, spewing nasal and throat secretions into the air. When you inhale airborne pathogenic organisms in, they take up residence inside you. You can also pick up microbes when you touch an infected surface, and then touch your own eyes, nose, or mouth. Because these illnesses travel in the air, they’re hard to control. Every year, several thousand cases of food and waterborne diseases are registered. Food- or water-borne diseases are not transmitted from casual contact with another person. A person can come into exposure with food- or water-borne bacteria by eating or drinking something that has bacteria in it. Many diseases are spread through the air are: The common cold, Influenza, Chickenpox, Mumps, Measles, Whooping cough, Tuberculosis, Diphtheria.

A recombinant vaccine is a vaccine developed through recombinant DNA technology. Vaccine approaches to contagious diseases are widely applied and appreciated. Amongst them, vectors based on recombinant viruses have displayed great promise and play a crucial role in the instigation of new vaccinations. Many viruses have been examined for their ability to express proteins from foreign pathogens and induce specific immunological responses against these antigens in vivo. Generally, gene-based vaccines can trigger potent humoral and cellular immune responses and viral vectors might be an effective strategy for both the delivery of antigen-encoding genes and the facilitation and enhancement of antigen presentation.

Recent methods in the diagnosis of viral infections:

• Immunoassay-based tests
• Amplification-based assays
• Next-generation sequencing
• Mass spectrometry

In spite of the success of currently available vaccines, there is a clear requirement for the development of vaccines against a number of infectious diseases for which vaccines are not yet available, or are insufficient, including HIV, hepatitis C virus, RSV, Neisseria meningitides serotype B, Group A and B, streptococcus, tuberculosis, and malaria.  Unfortunately, these pathogens have proven difficult to control with traditional vaccines, and novel approaches will be required. New efficient vaccines may also be required to protect against a number of emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome, corona, Ebola, Hanta and Dengue viruses.

• Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak in China
• Timing of antiviral therapy for seasonal influenza
• Modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine for prevention of smallpox
• Outcomes for Zika virus-exposed infants in the second year of life