11th World Congress on Virology July 27-28,2017 Vancouver, Canada

Viral Hepatitis is a liver Inflammation due to liver infection. It may present in acute or chronic forms the most common causes of Viral Hepatitis are the five unrelated viruses.

·         Hepatitis A

·         Hepatitis B

·         Hepatitis C

·         Hepatitis D

·         Hepatitis E

Hepatitis is a therapeutic condition characterized by the inflammation of the liver and described by the presence of inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ. Hepatitis A is an extraordinary overwhelming disease of the liver created by the hepatitis A virus. Hepatitis B is an infectious disease brought about by the hepatitis B infection (HBV) which influences the liver. It can bring about both serious and chronic infections. HCV is spread fundamentally by blood-to-blood contact associated with intravenous medication use, insufficiently cleaned therapeutic gear, and transfusions.

 Immunopathogly is deals with Immune Responses associated with disease. It is a study of Pathology of an Organism, Organ System with respect to the Immune System, Immunity & Immune Responses.

The immune system refers to a collection of cells and proteins that function to protect the skin, respiratory passages, intestinal tract and other areas from foreign antigens, such as microbe’s viruses, cancer cells, and toxins.

The study of disease transmission of Vegetable virus diseases concerns the patterned improvement of virus diseases. Three viruses are recorded infecting vegetable brassica crops in Western Australia turnip mosaic virus, cauliflower mosaic virus and beet western yellows virus these three viruses occasionally cause significant economic loss but their occurrence is irregular.

Rice stripe virus (RSV) is an RNA plant pathogen of the genus Tenuivirus. Rice plants are susceptible to infection starting at the seedling age. The only known means of virus transmission is via planthoppers. Typical symptoms of RSV include pale and discontinuous yellow stripes, blotches, and dead tissue streaks on the leaves.

 Molecular Virology is a study of viruses on a molecular level. Viruses are submicroscopic parasites that replicates inside of host cells. They can infect and exploits of all type of life forms-from microorganisms to plants & animals.

Viruses rely on their host to replicate and multiply. This is because viruses are unable to go through cell division, they lack the genetic information that encode the necessary tools for protein synthesis or generation of metabolic energy; hence they rely on their host to replicate and multiply. Using the host cell's machinery the virus generates copies of its genome and produces new viruses for the survival of its kind and the infection of new hosts. The viral replication process varies depending on the virus's genome

Plant Virology is a field of Plant Pathology and Environmental sciences. Plant Pathology deals with Viruses & Virus like Pathogens and Diseases. In Plant Pathology major courses are Horticulture and Crop Science, Entomology or Microbiology.  Tobacco mosaic infection (TMV) is a positive-sense single stranded RNA virus that taints an extensive variety of plants, particularly tobacco and different individuals from the family Solanaceae. Most plant viruses are RNA although some 80+ Viruses or DNA Viruses. Basically Plant viruses Genomes are comprises in Coding Region and Non coding Region

Coding Region:

It expresses the proteins required to Viral Infection Cycle

Movement to the Plant

Interaction with host

Non-coding regions:  It controls the expression and replication of the genome.

The study of animal viruses is important from a veterinary viewpoint and many of these viruses’ causes’ diseases that are economically devastating. Many animal viruses are also important from a human medical perspective. The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus in the human population, coming from an animal source, highlights the importance of animals in harbouring infectious agents; avian influenza viruses can directly infect humans. In addition research into animal viruses has made an important contribution to our understanding of viruses in general, their replication, molecular biology, evolution and interaction with the host.

Virology is the study of Viruses, complexes of Nucleic acids & Proteins that have the capacity for replication in animal, plant and bacterial cells. To replicate themselves, viruses use up functions of the host cells on which they are parasites. The viral parasite causes changes in the cell, particularly its antigenicity; moreover, directing the host cell's metabolism to the production of new virus particles may cause cellular death. Virally-induced cell death, changes in antigenicity and the response of the host to the presence of the virus leads to the manifestations of viral disease.

Veterinary virology is a study of viruses in non-human animals. It is an important syllabus in veterinary medicine. Veterinary virology & prion research has contributed to understanding of viruses and prions, the infections and diseases that they cause and their epidemiology and ecology.

Viruses and Prions pose a major direct threat to global human health. Many viruses affecting humans are actually zoonotic, that is they infect animals and are maintained in animal reservoirs from which they spreads to human beings. Old human viruses such as influenza are continuously re-entering into the human population from their animal reservoirs. Some animal viruses are also closely related to human viruses, being transmitted by similar routes, producing similar diseases, and being controlled by similar immune responses. Such animal viruses are the study of pathogenesis and therapeutic and preventive approaches against the human viruses.

Viruses are intracellular parasites and have to find a new host before the original host mounts an effective immune response or dies. However virus infectivity is intrinsically unstable and transmission has to be achieved usually within a few hours. All successful viruses have solved the transmission problem. Transmission viruses are three types

·         Horizontal transmission

·         Vertical transmission

·         Zoonoses

Transmission of Respiratory Viruses

Many virus infections are contracted to respiratory tract. Measles, chicken pox, & Smallpox are comes under general infections.

Viruses are capable of affecting all the major tissues and systems in the human body. The diseases they cause range from trivial to life-threatening. The outcome of infection by a virus is not absolute but can vary considerably in nature and severity between individuals. Many viruses are found throughout the world, often with high rates of most people in the community have been infected.

Viruses cause the specific diseases within a single virus family, such as the adenoviruses, there are viruses causing respiratory tract infections ranging from mild to severe, and other viruses that cause infections of the eye, gut, or urinary tract. Equally, viruses from at least three distinct families with very different molecular biology and particle structures can all cause the acute symptoms of hepatitis.

A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.

Ebola Virus disease, AIDS, Avian influenza, & SARS are caused by virus those are the serious diseases in human. The relative ability of viruses to cause disease is described in terms of virulence. Some viruses cause lifelong or chronic infections, where the viruses continue to replicate in the body despite the hosts defence mechanisms. This common in hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections.

Carcinogenesis or oncogenesis or tumorigenesis is the formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. The process is characterized by changes at the cellular, genetic, and epigenetic levels and abnormal cell division, in some cancers forming a malignant mass.

Oncovirinae, Viruses that contain an oncogene, are categorized as oncogenic because they trigger the growth of tumorous tissues in the host. This process is also referred to a s viral transformation.

Prion diseases also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE’s) are group of progressive neurodegenerative conditions. It is an infectious agent composed entirely of protein material that can be fold in multiple structural distinct ways at least one of which is transmissible to other prion proteins, leading to disease this is similar to viral infection.

Cellular Virology is a study of viruses on a Cellular level. Viruses are submicroscopic parasites that replicates inside of host cells. They can infect and exploits of all type of life forms-from microorganisms to plants & animals.

Viruses rely on their host to replicate and multiply. This is because viruses are unable to go through cell division, they lack the genetic information that encode the necessary tools for protein synthesis or generation of metabolic energy; hence they rely on their host to replicate and multiply. Using the host cell's machinery the virus generates copies of its genome and produces new viruses for the survival of its kind and the infection of new hosts. The viral replication process varies depending on the virus's genome.

Infections of multicellular animals are complicated by the variety of cell types present in an individual and the possession of an elaborate system.

Immune system that defends the organism against infection there are two types of host response to virus infection.

Innate immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Adaptive immunity is a defence system that is not ready to act until it is activated by infection; epitope-specific B and T lymphocytes are stimulated to divide furiously and differentiate into effector cells and memory cells upon encountering specific antigen.

Innate immunity is the first line of defence and is possessed in some form by all animals. It is composed of soluble components and cells.

Example: Interferon’s, Cytokines, Chemokine’s, Complement etc.

Viruses are strongly immunogenic and induce 2 types of immune responses, humoral and cellular. The repertoire of specificities of T and B cells are formed by rearrangements and somatic mutations. T and B cells do not generally recognize the same epitopes present on the same virus. B cells see the free unaltered proteins in their native 3-D conformation whereas T cells usually see the Ag in a denatured form in conjunction with MHC molecules. The characteristics of the immune reaction to the same virus may differ in different individuals depending on their genetic constitutions.

Humoral response is responsible for blocking the infectivity of the virus. Those of the IgM and IgG class are especially relevant for defense against viral infections accompanied by viraemia, whereas those of the IgA class are important in infections acquired through a mucosa. In contrast, the cellular response kills the virus-infected cells expressing viral proteins on their surfaces, such as the glycoproteins of enveloped viruses and sometimes core proteins of these viruses. 

HIV is a lentivirus that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. 

Many species are infected by lentiviruses, which are responsible for long duration illnesses with a long incubation period. Lentiviruses are transmitted as single stranded, positive sense, envelopes RNA viruses. The viral RNA genome is converted into double stranded DNA by a virally encoded reverse transcriptase that is transported along with the viral genome in the virus particle.

Pediatric virology is not an isolated discipline. Rather, the syndromes associated with viral infection are modified by the unique characteristics of infancy and childhood. Fortunately for the pediatrician, and certainly for children, viral infections in childhood are rarely fatal, and are almost never serious. Future efforts of the pediatrician and virologist should be directed toward increased fetal salvage as with rubella and the prevention of severe, viral lower respiratory tract disease